“Ma et al. investigated the performance of the ICCC-Met process using 10%Ni/CaO modified with different metals (M=Mg, Al, Mn, Y, Zr, La, or Ce, at a Ca:M molar ratio of 9:1) (Ma et al., 2021). Ni promoted the decarbonation of CaCO3 at lower temperatures in the case of H2 availability. But on the pristine Ni/CaO, particle coalescence and sintering occurred in the cyclic operation. The yield of CH4 decreased from 8.5 to 4.1 mmol/g over 20 cycles. Zr modification showed the best promoting effect, which was likely related to its good thermal stability. The CO2 uptake capacity decreased from 9.9 to 9 mol/kg after 20 cycles, and CH4 yield stabilized at ∼ 6.7 mol/kg on average over 20 cycles for 10%Ni/CaZr. On the other hand, Mn modified samples showed the worst performance and the highest degree of sintering mainly due to the low Tammann temperature of MnO2 (287°C). The promotional effects of the metals were in the order of Ni/CaO ≈ Ni/CaMg ≈ Ni/CaMn ≈ Ni/CaY ≈ Ni/CaCe < Ni/CaLa < Ni/CaAl < Ni/CaZr based on the CH4 yield at the 20th cycle.” Detailed results of using these DFMs are shown below.
